Bacteria can multiply in urine that is left standing, leading to an increase in pH due to ammonia production.

Urea is the primary organic component of urine, making up about 50% of total dissolved solids. It is formed from the breakdown of proteins in the liver.

The sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) test detects all types of proteins, including globulins and Bence Jones protein, making it a confirmatory test for urine protein.

Triple phosphate crystals appear as colorless, coffin lid-shaped structures and are commonly found in alkaline urine, often associated with UTIs.

Leukocyte esterase is an enzyme found in white blood cells. A positive result suggests pyuria, often seen in UTIs.